Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common bacterial
infection causing illness in infants and children and
recurrent UTI is known as one of the major factors for
renal scarring. It may be difficult to recognize UTI in
children because the presenting symptoms and signs
are non-specific, particularly in infants and children
younger than 3 years. It can be associated with longterm
sequelae of renal scarring, which may cause
hypertension, proteinuria, pregnancy-related
complications, or even progressive renal failure1. The
risk of recurrent UTI in children has been estimated to
be 12-30% in the first 6-12 months after the initial
UTI2. Predisposing factors for recurrence include
vesico-ureteral reflux and dysfunctional voiding
problems3. In infants with normal urinary system, age
less than 6 months, non-retractile prepuce and Acute
Pyelonephritis (APN) in male infants are the most
important risk factor for recurrent UTI4.